Problems of Forensic Sciences 2015 Vol. 104 (CIV) 245-278
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF INKS AND METHODS OF EVIDENCE EVALUATION − A REVIEW
Alicja MENŻYK1, Grzegorz ZADORA1, 2, Mieczysław SAJEWICZ1
1Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
2Institute of Forensic Research, Kraków, Poland
Streszczenie
Ink analysis is an important field in the forensic science discipline of questioned document examination. Inks may be differentiated based on their composition (e.g. colourants, solvents, resins or additives) by employing a two-step approach, which includes optical and visual examination followed by instrumental analysis. Many analytical methods have been applied, each offering particular advantages, among which Thin Layer Chromatography occupied a special position for a long time. However, a significant evolution in the methods available to forensic scientists has resulted in increased adoption of less invasive spectroscopic techniques, diminishing the role of previously employed separation methods. This paper provides an overview of methods applied in the forensic examination of inks, with special consideration given to articles published between 2000 and 2015. Both chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques are presented, highlighting the advantages as well as the possible disadvantages of the developed methods. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the problem of inadequate statistical interpretation of forensic ink evidence. Greater attention should be paid to the proper evaluation of obtained results, as communicating reliable conclusions in a transparent way to decision-makers in court is undoubtedly of the utmost importance.
Słowa kluczowe
Ink analysis; Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods; Comparison and identification; Evidence interpretation.